Data Studies
LLM Pulse Data Studies
Open research on how AI search engines cite the web. Every report is updated daily from live data across ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, Google AI Mode and AI Overviews.
Reports
Each report is broken down across six views, one aggregated and one per AI model.
AI citations
Which domains AI search engines pull from most often.
Top Cited Domains
Top Cited Domains
The 10 domains most frequently cited in AI search answers, updated daily.
Social platforms in AI answers
Top Social Sources cited by AI
Reddit, X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube and more, the social platforms AI search engines lean on.
UGC in AI answers
Top UGC Sources cited by AI
Reddit, Quora, Wikipedia, Stack Overflow and the forums AI search trusts most.
News publishers in AI answers
Top News Publishers cited by AI
Which editorial outlets AI search reaches for when it answers.
US news outlets in AI answers
Top US News Outlets cited by AI
Which US news and media outlets AI search cites most, tech and service journalism included.
US health sources in AI answers
Top US Health Sources cited by AI
What AI reaches for on health questions, from PubMed and the CDC to Reddit and YouTube.
AI ads
How often AI answers carry ads, and which brands are buying them.
Shopping & merchants
Which products and merchants AI recommends in shopping-intent queries.
AI search KPIs
Aggregate metrics on how AI search engines behave.
Google AI Overviews
% of Google queries with an AI Overview
Share of queries where Google actually serves an AI Overview on top of the regular SERP.
Citations per answer
Average citations per AI answer
How many sources each AI search engine links to on average.
Query fan-out
Average query fan-out per AI answer
How many related sub-queries each AI search engine fans out to per answer.
Bot & crawler activity
Live tracker of bots that crawl the web.
How this data is built
Every answer, every week
LLM Pulse runs thousands of prompts against ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, Google AI Mode and AI Overviews each week and captures the full response.
Citations, normalized
Every link in every answer is parsed, deduplicated and rolled up to the registrable domain. We publish the 7-day rolling aggregate.
Refreshed nightly
A scheduled job rebuilds the rankings every night so every report on this page is never more than 24 hours stale.
The data behind this page
The largest public dataset of AI search citations
These reports are powered by the same pipeline enterprise brands use inside LLM Pulse, with millions of AI answers scraped weekly across ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, Google AI Mode and AI Overviews, normalized to the domain, the page and the brand. Get the private version of this dataset for your own company.
- Millions of AI answers analyzed every week
- Five major AI search engines tracked out of the box
- The industry's deepest view of AI citations, mentions and sentiment